The same DNS trick that content delivery networks and large hosts use to spread heavy traffic and avoid outages has also been adopted by criminals.

Known as "fast-flux," the approach rapidly swaps the IP addresses associated with a domain so that traffic can be rerouted if a particular host fails or becomes overloaded.

That flexibility makes it useful for legitimate purposes — load balancing and mitigating DDoS attacks — and attractive to those wanting to hide malicious infrastructure.

Researchers and ICANN cite studies showing flux-enabled phishing operations can remain active far longer than conventional ones, with one 2007 paper finding they stay up two to six times as long.

There are two principal variants: single-flux rotates many IPs in the DNS A records for a domain, while double-flux also churns the authoritative name-server records, adding a second layer of concealment and making takedown efforts harder.

In active botnet-driven campaigns the addresses can change every few minutes, often using thousands of compromised machines as proxies.

Security groups such as Spamhaus have criticized deliberate commercial abuse, and the Honeynet Project traces widespread criminal adoption of fast-flux back to after March 2007.

This week ICANN’s GNSO fast-flux hosting working group published a 121-page report that documents their initial attempt to untangle the problem and propose ways forward.

The effort grew out of an earlier report and took seven months to produce, involving 33 participants, weekly calls and roughly 800 emails — yet it stops short of clear, universally agreed fixes.

Members struggled even to define the working group’s objective, and the document contains only a handful of practical suggestions rather than firm policy mandates.

Potential measures discussed include quicker registrar response to domains exhibiting fast-flux behavior and a streamlined reporting mechanism to accelerate enforcement attention.

The report also acknowledges legitimate motives for using fast-flux techniques, including anti-censorship and high-value defensive uses, complicating any blanket remedies.

ICANN invites stakeholders with technical knowledge or policy ideas to review and comment on the draft; after a 20-day comment period the working group plans to revise the text for further consideration.

Until consensus emerges, defenders and registrars will likely continue to weigh the trade-offs between preserving useful network techniques and stopping their misuse.

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